Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research (NJPBR)
This is a journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri. The Journal provides the platform to reveal current scientific findings established with the aim of motivating researchers and personnel in the field of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research and Development. The journal will be published three times a year (Jan-Apr; May-Aug; Sept-Dec) in collaboration with Pharmacy practice and biomedical groups within and outside of Maiduguri metropolis. The Journal shall publish innovative research in the pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Phytochemistry, Bio-pharmaceutics, Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacogenomics, BioInformatics) and Basic Medical Sciences (Anatomy, Biotechnology, Cancer Biology, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Genomics, Molecular Biology, Immunology, Proteomics, Physiology, Radiography). The journal accepts manuscripts written in Standard English Language. Prepare manuscript text in Microsoft word (Times New Roman and Font size 12). Maximum length of manuscripts should not be more than 20 typewritten pages for original research articles, short communications not more than 10 pages, review articles not more than 25 pages. Font size should be 12 and double-line spacing.
EVALUATION OF PRO- AND ANTI-APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF “FEARLESS” ENERGY DRINK ON RENAL TISSUES OF ALBINO RATS USING GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS
Abstract The global rise in energy drink (ED) consumption, particularly among young adults in Nigeria, has raised significant concerns regarding their potential long-term nephrotoxic effects. This study investigated the impact of chronic energy drink exposure on renal apoptosis by integrating histopathological evaluation with gene expression analysis in albino rats. Specifically, the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BAX (B-cell lymphoma–associated X protein) and the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) was examined. Twenty-four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 6 per group): a control group and three treatment groups administered low, medium, and high doses of an energy drink for 60 days. Following treatment, animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and euthanized, after which renal tissues were harvested for histopathological assessment and molecular analysis using standard protocols. Chronic energy drink exposure resulted in a dose-dependent upregulation of BAX expression, with fold changes of 2.44, 3.31, and 5.65 in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively. In contrast, BCL-2 expression was markedly downregulated, with corresponding fold changes of 0.68, 0.09, and 0.03. Histological examination revealed prominent dense basophilic concretions within renal tubules, occurring more frequently in treated groups than in controls. The pronounced shift in the BAX/BCL-2 expression balance toward a pro-apoptotic profile suggests enhanced renal apoptotic signaling, a mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, and graft rejection. Furthermore, tubular basophilic concretions may contribute to intrarenal obstruction, impaired urine flow, and increased susceptibility to nephrolithiasis and urinary tract infections. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic evidence that prolonged energy drink consumption may compromise renal structural integrity and cellular survival through apoptosis-mediated pathways.
Keywords: Fearless energy drink; BAX; BCL-2; fold change; gene expression; kidney toxicity.
ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF COMPOUNDED CARBAMAZEPINE SYRUPS
Abstract Chemically, carbamazepine is 5H-dibenzo azepine-5-carboxamide. It is a highly lipophilic, neutral tricyclic molecule, crystalline powder that is practically odourless and white to off-white in colour. It is a sodium channel blocker that acts by deferential binding to energy-gated sodium channels in their inactive conformation. It is recommended for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and partial seizures with simple or complicated symptomatology, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder. This medication is readily available in tablet dosage forms and company manufactured liquid dosage forms as well. In the absence of the liquid dosage forms, the medication is extemporaneously prepared using readily available syrups as the vehicle. The compounded carbamazepine syrups have been used in practice but there is little information about the safety and quality. The aim of the study was to assess the microbiological quality of the compounded carbamazepine syrups and also study the safety by evaluating the effect of these preparations on kidney function, liver function, haematology and histopathology of laboratory rats. Microbiological quality of the formulations was evaluated by determining the total aerobic microbial count, total mold and yeast count, and identification of E. coli. The safety study was conducted by using laboratory rats which were grouped into treatment, positive control and negative control groups, where syrup compounded carbamazepine, distilled water compounded carbamazepine and distilled water were administered respectively for 28 consecutive days. The liver function test, kidney function test, hematological tests and histological examinations were all conducted and the findings were compared to reference/normal values. All the samples passed the microbiological quality test across the test period of 42 day for all the storage conditions. The rats 284 had normal levels of electrolyte, urea, creatinine, liver enzymes as well as total protein and albumin. Haematological parameters were also within the normal range. Histological examination of the kidney revealed normal findings corresponding to the kidney function test results. Liver histology was also basically normal, however cytoplasmic vacuolation was observed in the treatment and positive control groups which was linked to the drug metabolic activities. The findings suggest that compounded carbamazepine syrups had very good microbial quality and were found to be safe.
Keywords: carbamazepine, E. coli liver function, kidney function, histopathology.
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND ANTISNAKE VENOM ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE METHANOL EXTRACT OF INDIGOFERA NUMMULARIIFOLIA
Abstract Medicinal plants remain an important source of therapeutic agents, especially in communities where traditional medicine continues to play a central role in healthcare. Indigofera nummulariifolia (Fabaceae), widely used in ethnomedicine for the management of snakebites, has received limited scientific evaluation despite its notable traditional relevance. This study examined the phytochemical constituents of the aerial parts of I. nummulariifolia and assessed the antisnake venom potential of its crude methanol extract (CME) against Naja nigricollis venom. The plant material was extracted with methanol and successively fractionated using standard solvent partitioning techniques. Purification of the hexane fraction through repeated gel filtration yielded a white crystalline compound (AH). Spectroscopic analyses (IR, UV, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR, including 2D NMR) identified AH as stigmasterol. Acute toxicity assessment in Swiss albino mice, following OECD guideline 425, indicated that the extract is relatively safe with an oral LD₅₀ greater than 2000 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the LD₉₉ of N. nigricollis venom was determined to be 6.53 mg/kg. In prophylactic studies, preincubation of CME (100–400 mg/kg) with venom conferred complete protection, resulting in 100% survival and significantly prolonged survival times (p < 0.05) compared with untreated controls. Curative administration after envenomation also extended survival time, though eventual mortality occurred in all groups. These findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of I. nummulariifolia in snakebite management. The crude extract’s antisnake venom effects, highlights the plant as a potential source of promising lead compounds for further drug development.
Key words: Indigofera nummulariifolia, phytochemical, stigmasterol, anti-venom, of N. nigricollis
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, AND IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA AND TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance poses a global health threat, prompting exploration of plant-derived alternatives. Cassia occidentalis is traditionally used for infections, yet its efficacy against resistant pathogens remains underexplored. In this research work, methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of Cassia occidentalis were prepared and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. An agar well diffusion antimicrobial assays (against MDR Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichophyton rubrum) was conducted accordingly. These was followed by GC-MS analysis, SwissADME pharmacokinetic prediction, and molecular docking against resistance proteins. The results obtained shows that, both extracts contained flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and phenols. Concentration-dependent inhibition was observed, with methanolic extract showing zones up to 25 mm against S. aureus and bactericidal effects at 200 mg/mL against all bacteria (fungistatic against T. rubrum). GC-MS identified 32 compounds, including α-estradiol, norbuprenorphine, and fatty acid esters. Several compounds exhibited favorable ADMET profiles and strong docking affinities (e.g., −6.65 kcal/mol to MexA). In conclusion, C. occidentalis leaf extracts demonstrate promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, supporting ethnomedicinal use and potential as resistance-modulating agents
Keywords: Cassia occidentalis, Antimicrobial Resistance, Phytochemical Screening, Molecular Docking, Multidrug-resistant Bacteria, Trichophyton rubrum.
ANTI-ANGIOGENIC POTENTIAL OF PYCNANTHUS ANGOLENSIS (WELW.) WARB. STEMBARK EXTRACT: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, ENDOTHELIAL CELL ASSAYS, AND CAM MODEL EVALUATION
Abstract Pycnanthus angolensis (African nutmeg) is a medicinal tree traditionally used in West Africa to treat inflammatory conditions, infections, and tumor-like growths. Despite ethnomedicinal claims, there is a paucity of data on its potential to modulate angiogenesis, a critical process in cancer progression. This study investigated the anti-angiogenic activity of P. angolensis stembark extract through phytochemical characterization, in vitro endothelial migration and tube formation assays, and in vivo chick chorioallantois membrane (CAM) assay. Methanol extract and solvent fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous) were screened for phytochemicals and tested for cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via MTT assay, with IC₅₀ values of 142.6 μg/mL (methanol), 95.4 μg/mL (hexane), 48.7 μg/mL (ethyl acetate), and >200 μg/mL (aqueous). Sub-cytotoxic concentrations were evaluated for effects on wound healing migration, tube formation, and VEGF expression (ELISA). CAM assays assessed vessel density and branching after 48 h of treatment. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest anti-angiogenic activity, inhibiting migration by 64.2% ± 2.1, tube formation by 68.4% ± 1.9, CAM vessel density by 61.5% ± 2.5, and VEGF levels by 58.7% ± 1.8 (p < .001). These findings support P. angolensis as a promising source of natural angiogenesis inhibitors and justify further work towards isolating bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Pycnanthus angolensis, anti-angiogenesis, endothelial cells, VEGF inhibition, CAM assay
BIOCHEMICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF EXTEMPORANEOUSLY COMPOUNDED CAPTOPRIL SYRUP IN LABORATORY RATS
Extemporaneously compounded captopril syrups are commonly used for patients unable to swallow tablets, yet data on their systemic safety and microbiological quality remain limited. To evaluate the biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and microbiological safety of extemporaneously compounded captopril syrup following oral administration in laboratory rats. Albino rats were assigned to receive compounded captopril syrup, captopril in deionized water, or deionized water (control) at 6 mg/kg for 28 days. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters were measured, and liver and kidney tissues were examined histologically. Microbiological quality of the syrup was assessed at 20–41 °C for up to 42 days. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters remained within normal physiological ranges in all groups, with no clinically significant differences. Histopathology revealed preserved hepatic and renal architecture, with no evidence of inflammation, degeneration, or necrosis. Microbiological testing showed no bacterial, yeast, or mold growth at any time point or storage temperature. Extemporaneously compounded captopril syrup demonstrates favorable short-term systemic safety and satisfactory microbiological quality. These findings support its suitability for oral administration when solid dosage forms are inappropriate. Future studies should investigate long-term safety and preservative efficacy
BIOCHEMICAL, HEMATOLOGICAL, HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Comparative Phytochemical and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Four Nigerian Medicinal Plants
Abstract Medicinal plants play significant role in healthcare delivery system as it have been utilized in the treatment and prevention of several diseases. Despite their importance, these plants are seldom handled within an organized and regulated sector; however, there is little regard to their future sustainability. This research was aimed at validating the phytochemical contents and in vitro antimicrobial effects of the extracts of the rootbark of Hamatostaphis barteri, stembark of Milicia excelsa, rootbark of Parkia biglobosa and aerial part of Polygonum senegalensis using standard methods. The plants were found to contain variably: alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycoside, flavonoid, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Antimicrobial activities were assayed on Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Haematostaphis barteri was resistant to most of the organisms except against Klebsiella pneumoniae with 10.00±0.00 mm. The extracts of Milicia excelsa, Parkia biglobosa and Polygonum senegalensis respectively inhibit with highest activity the growth of: Bacillus subtilis (21.33±0.58, 18.00±0.00, 19.67±0.58 mm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (20.00±0.00, 10.00±0.00, 18.67±1.15 mm). Milicia excelsa exhibited 20.00±0.00 mm against Candida albicans. The highest MBC/MIC was shown by Milicia excelsa against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at 25.00/12.50 mg/mL while the lowest MBC/MIC of 50.00/25.00 mg/mL were expressed by Milicia excelsa, Parkia biglobosa and Polygonum senegalensis respectively against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore, Milicia excelsa is the most highly active broad-spectrum extract followed by Polygonum senegalensis and Parkia biglobosa. Therefore, these activities against the test microorganism indicated that the extracts from most of these medicinal plants have a scientific backing in their use in the African Traditional medicine owing to their effects against various microbial related infections
infections. 74 Keywords: antimicrobial, medicinal, microorganisms, pathogenic, plants, phytochemistry
In-Vitro and In-Silico Analysis of Artemisia maciverae Leaf Extracts for Hypoglycaemic Activity Against Alpha-Amylase and Alpha-Glucosidase
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health challenge characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to impaired insulin secretion or action. This study investigates the hypoglycaemic potential of Artemisia maciverae, a medicinal plant traditionally used in northern Nigeria for diabetes management. Ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf extracts of A. maciverae were subjected to phytochemical analysis, fractionation, and in vitro enzyme inhibition assays against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Seven fractions (A-G) were obtained, with Fraction B showing the lowest IC50 values (2.975 μg/ml for alpha-amylase and 3.000 μg/ml for alpha-glucosidase). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 17 bioactive compounds in Fraction B, including 1,1-Dimethoxyhexane, Cyclopropanepentanoic acid, and Oleic Acid. Molecular docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of these compounds to the target enzymes, with binding energies ranging from -4.0 to -6.3 Kcal/mol. The compounds also complied with the Lipinski Rule of Five, indicating good drug-likeness properties. These findings suggest that A. maciverae extracts possess significant hypoglycaemic activity, mediated through the inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and highlight their potential as natural therapeutic agents for diabetes management.
Keywords: Artemisia maciverae, diabetes mellitus, enzyme inhibition, hypoglycaemic activity, molecular docking, bioactive compounds.
Molecular Identification and Antibiogram of Vibrio Cholerae from Some Sources of Water in Tudun Wada and Malali Areas of Kaduna State
Abstract Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease associated with contaminated water and poor sanitation. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of V. cholerae from water sources in Tudun Wada and Malali areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 18 water samples were collected from wells, taps, and rivers, with physicochemical analysis revealing pH values ranging from 5.8 to 7.4, indicating potential contamination, particularly in river sources. Presumptive V. cholerae isolates were identified using Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salt (TCBS) agar and biochemical tests, followed by molecular confirmation via PCR targeting the ompW gene. Only one isolate from tap water in Tudun Wada was confirmed as V. cholerae, highlighting discrepancies between biochemical and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with high resistance to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, while ciprofloxacin remained effective. The Multi-Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) indicated high-risk contamination in some isolates (MARI ≥ 0.2). These findings underscore the presence of V. cholerae in local water sources and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, emphasizing the need for improved water quality monitoring, sanitation infrastructure, and updated treatment protocols to mitigate public health risks.
Keywords: Cholera, Vibrio cholerae, ompW gene, Antibiotic susceptibility, water quality
THE REDUCING POWER AND DPPH FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF POLYPHENOLS FROM ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ALLIUM CEPA L. LEAVES AND PEEL
Abstract Onions have a wide range of uses in the chemical and food industries including increasing product, as ingredients in food, substrate for enzyme production, and as colourant in some dishes. The study evaluated the tannin, flavonoids, and phenolic contents of the ethanol extract of onion peel and leaves as well as the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The total antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, tannins, and phenol contents of the extracts were assessed using standard methods. The In-vitro antioxidant activities (reducing power activity and DPPH free radical scavenging activity) were also estimated using standard methods. The results showed that the total phenol and tannins content of the onion leaf extracts (258.00±6.00 and 254.70±6.03) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the onion peel extract (110.70±1.20 and 67.33±4.04). Conversely, the total flavonoid content of the onion peel extract (1.30±0.02) was significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the onion leaves extract (0.38±0.02). One-way ANOVA revealed a non-significant (p>0.05) increase in the total antioxidant activity of onion leaf extract (0.63±0.03) compared to the onion peel extract (0.53±0.03). Conclusively, the ethanol extract of onion leaves and peel contains varying amounts of tannins, phenols and flavonoids with strong antioxidant properties. These compounds can be extracted from onion leaves and peels that are usually discarded to serve as antioxidants for improving livestock and human health
Keywords: Antioxidant, flavonoids, onion peels, onion leaves, phenols, tannin
Hypoglycemic Effects of Methanol Extracts of Artemisia maciverae and Combretum ghasalense in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of methanol extract s of Artemisia maciverae and Combretum ghasalense in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, IP), and the rats were divided into Eight (8) groups receiving either plant extracts (100 and 250 mg/kg) and insulin (0.64 IU/kg). Both plantsde monstrated significant hypoglycemic activity, with Artemisia maciverae showing greater efficacy than Combretum ghasalense. The combination of both extracts provided enhanced protection by 61% against hyperglycemia while Artemisia maciverae showed 76% reduction in blood glucose at 100 mg/kg and 71% reduction at 250 mg/kg. Insulin showed 86% reduction in blood glucose while Combretum ghasalense was less effective with 56% and 36% reduction in blood glucose at 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg respectively. These findings support the traditional use of these plants in managing diabetes mellitus in Northeastern Nigeria and align with recent studies on the antidiabetic potential of Artemisia and Combretum species.
Keywords: Artemisia maciverae, Combretum ghasalense, hypoglycaemic effect, alloxan induced diabetes, methanol extract, traditional medicine, diabetes mellitus.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Among Patients in Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri.
Abstract Psychotropic drugs are psychoactive medications used to manage mental illnesses. Despite their usefulness in psychiatric settings, they can be associated with significant level of morbidity and mortality owing to their adverse effects. Practically, no drug can be absolutely devoid of adverse effects, but their use has to be associated with an acceptable risk-benefit ratio. Reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) to a relevant authority is one of the methods of enhancing medication safety. This study therefore aimed to assess awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice of ADR reporting among patients in Federal Neuro-psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatients in Federal Neuro-psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri. Three hundred and seventy patients were enrolled from September to November 2022. A semi-structured questionnaire was used. The questionnaire generally comprised open-ended and closed-ended questions that explored general knowledge and awareness of ADRs and pharmacovigilance, while other question-items evaluated attitudes towards ADR reporting and ADR reporting practices. The overall percentage score in the knowledge and attitude domains for the patients was developed into binary categories of > 60% versus ≤60% for “adequate” and “inadequate” knowledge, as well as “positive” and “negative” attitude, respectively. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics, while Chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables at p< 0.05 only. Only 16 (4.8%) of the patients had heard of pharmacovigilance, 35(9.5%) understood ADR, while 102(27.3%) reported previously experienced ADRs. Most patients cited ignorance of the importance of ADR reporting (35.7%) and how to report it (27.3%) as the common reasons for non-reporting. Patients generally have a low knowledge and awareness of ADR reporting and a poor ADR reporting practice. To enhance ADR reporting, hospital management and other stakeholders should advocate continuous public enlightenment and awareness campaigns on spontaneous reporting of ADRs
Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, Adverse drug reactions, patients, Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli producing ESBLs from patients with Urinary Tract Infection in State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria
ABSTRACT The emergence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a serious public healthcare problem globally, causing frequent morbidity and even death due to limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli producing ESBLs from patients with urinary tract infection in State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria. The urine samples of 400 patients were obtained from State Specialist Hospital Maiduguri and were cultured for significant bacteriuria. The E. coli isolates were identified using standard microbiological procedures and confirmed using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were determined by the modified Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion technique and the isolates were screened for phenotypic expression of ESBLs enzyme using a combination disc method while the ESBLs genes were detected using PCR analysis. This study identified 7.5% prevalence of E. coli isolates in UTIs patients with higher proportion among the females. The isolates exhibited 60-100% resistance to Cefotaxime, Co-trimoxazole, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 10-24% resistance to Imepenem and Gentamicin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was exhibited in all the 30(100%) isolates. A total of 27(90%) of the isolates possessed ESBLs genes and the detected genes were blaCTX-M 5(16.7%), blaTEM 14(46.7%), blaSHV/TEM 1(3.3%) and blaCTX-M/TEM 7(23.3%). The findings in this study further emphasizes the need for antimicrobial stewardship with one health approach which will provide timely data for effective antibiotic treatment policy, necessary to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics that are commonly used for the treatment of patients with UTIs
Key words: Beta Lactamases (ESBLs), Urinary tract infections, Multidrug resistance (MDR), Polymerase chain reaction, Antimicrobial resistance
ASSESSMENT OF BOREHOLES WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC USE IN THREE SELECTED WARDS IN GAJIRAM, NGANZAI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
In the current study, the quality of water used for domestic purposes from three boreholes in Gajiram (Ajari, Kumburi and Gajiram 2 Primary School boreholes), Nganzai local government area of Borno state, Nigeria, was assessed for a period of six months (January, February, March, June, July and August 2019) using standard methods of sampling and analysis. Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Sulphate (SO42-), Phosphate (PO43-), Nitrate (NO3-), Chloride (Cl- ), Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and some heavy metals (As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co) were determined. The results showed that the highest and lowest mean of pH, turbidity (NTU), conductivity (μ/CM) and temperature (°C) are 6.90±0.03 and 5.74±1.09; 41.36±20.37 and 0.40±0.17; 63.42±12.38 and 7.72±4.86; 42.77±0.46 and 40.2±0.00 respectively. For anions, sulphate has the highest value (26.66±1.276 mg/l) while phosphate was not detected in Ajari. The highest and lowest mean of cations were 26.57 + 8.804 mg/l (sodium) and 0.02+0.01(magnesium) respectively. For heavy metals, Iron has the highest value (0.470±0.041mg/l) in Ajari while some heavy metals were not detected in some locations. The results obtained from the study showed that temperature and turbidity are above the permissible limit of WHO and NESREA while pH, Electrical Conductivity, heavy metals (with the exception of manganese during the dry season) and major anions and cations were found below the permissible limit of drinking water standard by WHO and NESREA. Hence the study shows that the quality of groundwater in the study area were not statistical significant difference between seasons.
Phytosterols and diterpenoids isolated from Euphorbia graminea Jacq. (Asteraceae) leaves exhibit antiproliferative effects against human MCF-7 breast and NCI-H460 lung cancer cell lines
Abstract The plant Euphorbia graminea is a tree that has been used in Nigeria for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, inflammations, diabetes, and ulcers in folk medicine. The present work was aimed at isolating phytosterols and diterpenoids from the leaf extract with potential anticancer and antiproliferative effects against selected cancer cell lines. The chloroform fraction from the 90 % aqueous methanol leaves extract of E. graminea was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatographic fractionation and the fractions were tested at the concentration of 1-100 μg/mL on MCF-7 and NCIH460 cell lines. Data obtained were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test (p < 0.05; p = 0.001). The results showed that the chloroform fraction of Euphorbia graminea has demonstrated significant anti-cancer activities against MCF-7 breast and NCIH460 lung cancer cell lines. Repeated bioassay-chromatographic fractionation of the active fractions yielded four known compounds as triacontan-1-ol, dotriacontan-1-ol, stigmasterol, stigmasta-5-en-3β- ol and a new compound abietane-11, 23 diene-16-oic-14-one whose identities were unequivocally confirmed through detailed NMR and Mass spectroscopic analyses. Against MCF-7 cell lines, dotriacontan-1-ol and abietane-11, 23 diene-16-oic-14-one produced LC50 of ~40 and ~91 μM respectively, compared to the ~10 μM produced by standard drug doxorubicin (p < 0.05; p = 0.001). The LC50 against NCI-H460 was observed to be >100 μM for all compounds while doxorubicin gave 15 μM. The isolated compounds from this plant are reported here for the first time. Among the compounds, Dotriacontan-1-ol and Abietane-11, 23 diene-16-oic-14-one were observed to elicit a selective antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 and NCI-H460 respectively hence could be considered as selective natural anticancer agents. However, the mechanism with which these compounds exhibit this activity was not studied and should be considered for future research.
Anticancer, Euphorbia graminea, Antiproliferation, SRB assay, Abietane-11, 23 diene-16-oic- 14-one.
Antihypertensive Medication Prescribing Patterns and Predictors of Uncontrolled Blood Pressure among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Co-morbid Hypertension in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
It is obvious in the literature that the majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are concurrently inflicted with hypertension. Hypertension and CKD are both independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and significantly contribute to disease progression. The study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive medication prescribing patterns,and assess blood pressure (BP) control and the potential predictors of uncontrolled BP in the study population. This one-year retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Nephrology unit of a tertiary teaching hospital in Maiduguri, Nigeria. This study enrolled adult patients with confirmed diagnoses of any CKD stage and co-morbid hypertension, who received care at the facility between August 2022 and July 2023. Relevant data were collected from 16 January to15 February 2024 using a predesigned proforma. Study results were presented using descriptive statistics, while binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the predictors of uncontrolled BP at p < 0.05 level of statistical significance. Among 300 patients with CKD and hypertension, 292 (97.5%) patients were prescribed multiple antihypertensive medications. Of 851 antihypertensive medications prescribed for the study population, diuretics (29.5%) mainly furosemide (23.0%) followed by calcium channel blockers [CCBs] (28.7%) were the most frequently prescribed. Furthermore, 213 (71.0%) patients had uncontrolled BP. Age 45 - 54 years (AOR = 4.01, 95 % CI 1.03 to 15.60, P = 0.045), and use of three antihypertensive medications (AOR = 7.08, 95% CI 1.33 to 37.55, P = 0.022), and four anti-hypertensive medications (AOR = 15.30, 95% CI 1.57 to 149.24, P = 0.019), respectively were significantly independently associated with uncontrolled BP. The study established that an overwhelming number of patients were prescribed multiple antihypertensive medications with diuretics and CCBs being the most common. Uncontrolled BP was highly prevalent in the study population and was significantly associated with middle age, and use of more than two antihypertensive medications. Therefore, interventions targeted at these factors are recommended to improve BP control in this high-risk group.
Key Words: Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension, Antihypertensive Medications, Blood Pressure, Maiduguri
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA: A NATURAL ALTERNATIVE TO ANTIBIOTICS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Abstract The roots of Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, have been used in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments for decades. This study investigates the phytochemical constituents, elemental composition, and antimicrobial activities of methanolic root extracts from M. oleifera, focusing on its potential as a natural alternative to antibiotics, particularly in the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The extract was analysed for alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and other bioactive compounds. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of trace metals, including copper, iron, chromium, and cadmium, all within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1996). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant activity against a range of bacterial pathogens, including multi drug-resistant strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E. coli, and Shigella dysenteriae, with a dose-dependent response at concentrations ranging from 50–300 mg/mL. The Kruskal-Walli’s test revealed significant differences in the inhibition zones between concentrations (p-value < 0.05), suggesting that antimicrobial activity increases with concentration. These findings highlight the potential of M. oleifera root extract as a natural antimicrobial agent, offering a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Elementals, Moringa oleifera, Methanol Extract, Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR).
Profiling of Semi-polar Secondary Metabolites from the Methanol Leaf of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack by Chromatographic Technique
Abstract Murraya paniculata of family Rutaceae is likewise noted as Jasmine orange and its leaves are used in the treatment of stomach arch, gastralgia and menstrual flow booster. These potentials can be linked to the phytochemicals in the leaf. This work aim at evaluating these phytoconstituents in the leaves of Murraya paniculata by using established methods and chromatographic methods. Secondary metabolites in the pulverized leaf was determined by the used of standard methods and the phytoconstituents in the methanol leaf extract was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. GC-MS analysis showed sixteen compounds, with 7-methyl-1,2-dihydroquinoxalin-2-one with the highest percentage area. HPLC analysis further confirmed benzamide-alkaloid. These justify the presence of different secondary metabolites with varying pharmacological potentials.
Keywords: Murraya paniculata, GC-MS, RHPLC, Secondary metabolites
Mental and Behavioral Disorder Due To Multiple Substance Abuse in Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Maiduguri-City, Nigeria
Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Vernonia Migeodii (S.Moore) Leaves Extract
Comparative Study of Experiences of Some Users of Oral Pills and Injectable Contraceptive Devices and their Reported Adverse Drug Effects
Comparative Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Empirical and Non-empirical Therapy in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in a Tertiary Health Institution, North-central Nigeria
Abstract Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a leading cause of infertility, ectopic pregnancies and psychological trauma, thus, representing a major public health concern and high economic burden for women in their reproductive ages.As a result, it will be beneficial to identify competing options in drug therapy in order to redirect resources with the aim of achieving more value for money in terms of cost effectiveness. Objective: To conduct a comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of empirical and non-empirical therapy in Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases among patients attending the General out-patient clinic and Gynecology clinic in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, North central Nigeria. Methods: After including a 10% attrition rate, a sample size of 369case notes was derived from a total population of 2, 652 PID patients. A drug utilization study was conducted through a one year retrospective review (January 2021 to December 2021) of the 369 case notes The case notes were selected by systematic random sampling using sampling interval of 5. This was accompanied by using the World Health Organization-defined daily dose method of evaluating drug use. EQ-5D-5L was employed in determining the effectiveness of the identified treatment options in terms of quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Results: One hundred and four of the selected cases (28%) were not tested for PID and were placed on empirical therapy while 265 (72%) were tested and benefited from targeted therapy or non-empirical therapy. The overall Mean Effectiveness obtained expressed as quality adjusted life years (QALY) was 0.578. The overall Mean utility status obtained from the EQ VAS was 74.52. The total cost obtained to access empirical therapy was N5,880(14USD) with an effectiveness of 0.637 while the total cost obtained to access non-empirical therapy was N8,715 (21USD) with an effectiveness of 0.555. In conclusion there was statistically significant difference (P=0.007) in the effectiveness/outcome of Empirical compared with Non-empirical regimen, with Empirical regimen being more effective and also more cost-effective.
Keywords: Effectiveness, Outcome, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, PID, Empirical, Non-Empirical
Cost of Illness of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Patients Attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
Abstract Background: There is a scarcity of recent data regarding the cost of illness (COI) of type 2 diabetes in developing countries. In order to achieve policy efficiency, accurate knowledge of COI is critical for developing and prioritizing health-care policies and interventions, as well as allocating health-care resources in accordance with budget constraints. Objective: To conduct cost of illness analysis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients attending University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Method: COI and drug utilization studies involving a one-year (January to December2021) retrospective review of 824 case notes of Type 2 DM patients of which 276 were selected as the sample size. The selection of the 276 cases was by systematic random sampling. Sampling interval =5. Cost of Illness was determined by prevalence rate method, using direct costs only. Results: The annual cost of illness for the 276 Type 2 DM patients on ant diabetic drugs was N418,163 (10,646 USD) with drug, diagnostic / monitoring tests, transport, and personnel cost components of 104,627.13 USD (94.8%), 2,674.52 USD (2.42%),1,348.50USD (1.22%), 1,685.66USD (1.52%) respectively. The annual average cost of illness of type 2 DM was N 163, 303.37 (399.77 USD).Drugs was found to be the major driver of the cost of illness and 90.22% of the patients had a concurrent illness or comorbidity. In conclusion: The annual average national cost of illness of Type 2 DM patients represents 475% of annual health expenditure per capita. The cost implication for management of type 2 DM patients is quite huge. The Annual National cost of illness for Type 2 DM in Nigeria, a developing economy may be about 2 billion USD annually.
Keywords: Analysis, Cost of Illness, Nigeria, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT
The emergence of Escherichia coli associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a serious public healthcare problem globally, causing frequent morbidity and even death due to limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular detection of Escherichia coli from patients with Urinary Tract Infection in State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria. The urine samples of 400 patients were obtained from State Specialist Hospital Maiduguri and were cultured for significant bacteriuria. The E. coli isolates were identified and confirmed using standard microbiological procedures, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, respectively. This study identified 7.5% prevalence of E. coli isolates in urinary tract infections patients with higher proportion among the females and 7 (23.3%) of the isolates showed the presence of Beta heamolysin production. The findings in this study further emphasizes the need for antimicrobial stewardship with one health approach which will provide timely data for effective antibiotic treatment policy, necessary to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics that are commonly used for the treatment of patients with urinary tract infections
Key words: Prevalence, E. coli, urinary tract infections, Urine, Polymerase chain reaction, Heamolysin
In vitro Neutralization of Naja haje Venom with Methanol Extract of Bulb of Urginea altissima linn
The use of medicinal plants to treat snake envenomation is a common practice among the rural dwellers especially in Africa. This could be attributed to the scarcity of anti-venom readily available or its high cost. It has been claimed that the extract of the plant Urginea altissima Linn if taken orally alleviates the pain and hence neutralizes the venom effect in envenomed human. This study was therefore, aimed to determine the neutralizing effect of Urginea altissima Linn. On a key enzyme (phospholipase A2) found in Naja haje venom. Result of the phytochemical analysis of the crude methanolic extract of Urginea altissima Linn. Showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and alkaloids which are potential anti-venom compounds in plants. The LD50 of the venom of N. haje was found to be 0.183 mg/kg. The venom-induced hemolytic activity was significantly reduced by 1mg/mL of Urginea altissima extract on the venom. The PLA2 activity of crude venom was reduced by extracts of Urginea altissima Linn. Significantly at (p < 0.05). The extracts of Urginea altissima have some beneficial effects on some toxic effects of venom. Thus, the use of this plant in ethno-medicine has some scientific basis.
Keywords: Phospholipase, Urginea altissima, anti-venom, Naja haje
Detection of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala, Kano.
The effectiveness of the antibiotic (clindamycin) usually used in the treatment of skin, soft-tissue, bone and joints infections particularly those caused by Staphylococcal species is now put to test by the emergence of several methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)strains carrying inducible erm gene. This study intend to detect inducible-clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) and MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from orthopaedic patients. Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from the nasal, wound, and urine specimen of the patients using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out using the disc diffusion method for erythromycin, clindamycin and cefoxitin. Strains that are resistant to erythromycin and susceptible to clindamycin were selected to determine iMLSB. The iMLSB was determined using the D-test phenotype by placing erythromycin and clindamycin 12-20 mm apart in order to induce in-vivo clindamycin resistance while MRSA was determined by the strains resistance to cefoxitin. The isolation rate of S. aureus from the samples (n=134) was 26.8%. A total of 29 (80.5%) expressed constitutive resistance to erythromycin, and 31 (86.1%) expressed constitutive resistance to clindamycin. Five (5) erythromycin-resistant isolates were simultaneously sensitive to clindamycin. Inducible-clindamycin resistance was detected in 2 (5.5%) of the isolates. Cefoxitin resistance (MRSA) was detected in 34 (94.4%) of the isolates, all the erythromycin-resistant S. aureus and inducible-clindamycin resistant isolates were MRSA. The resistance pattern observed and erm gene harboured by the isolates is a major challenge to the effectiveness of MLSB group of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, resistance should be prevented in order to preserve clindamycin as an optional treatment for skin and soft tissue infections.
Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, Inducible Clindamycin Resistance, MRSA, Orthopaedic Patients.
Effects of Selenium Fortified Diet on Inflammatory Markers in Wistar Albino Rats Exposed to Crude Oil
A number of studies have shown that crude oil and related chemicals are harmful to the body. As a result of this, the means of mitigating these harmful effects needs to be investigated. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the ameliorative role of selenium as a potential antidote for crude oil induced toxicity. Forty male albino rats were disseminated into groups A and B. Animals in group A was fed with normal diet for one month while those in group B were fed with crude oil adulterated diet (COAD) for the same duration as those in group A. Six rats from each group was used to determine liver function enzyme activity, so as to establish the hepatotoxicity of crude oil adulterated diet on the liver of the exposed animals. Thereafter, rats in group B were allocated into three groups (B1, B2 and B3) of six rats each. All the rats were then given normal diets except those in group B2 and B3 whose diets were supplemented with sodium selenite of 0.5μg Se/g diet and 1.0μg Se/g diet respectively. The rats were exposed to these diet and water for three months. At the end of this period, inflammatory markers parameters (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin and creatinine), antioxidants enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD), lipid peroxidation, lipid profile markers and liver function enzymes were estimated. The results indicated that treatment of diet with selenium modulated the crude oil-induced inflammation. It is of note therefore, that selenium has a promising role and it is worth being considered as a potent remedy against crude oil-induced biochemical toxicity.
Key words: Crude oil, Diet, Inflammation, Liver, Selenium
Evaluation of Haematological Parameters and Blood Glucose After a 28-day Oral Administration of Standardized Extract of Laggera aurita (Linn) in Rats
Abstract Lagerra aurita is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments in African countries like Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana. It has been reportedly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, pain, epilepsy, dyspepsia and indigestion. This research is aimed at assessing safety profile of crude extract of Laggera aurita in rats. A total of fifty rats were employed and divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each (5 males and 5 females per group). The animals were orally administered the extract at doses of 600, 300, 150 and 75 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Food and water intake were measured daily while blood glucose level and body weight were evaluated weekly. Organ weights, biochemical and haematological indices, were assayed after 28 days. There was no significant change in food intake, water intake, glucose level, body weight and organ weight. Haematological parameters were generally not significantly (p< 0.05) affected by the extract, except in a few situations where a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in PCV of male rats at 600 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg was observed as well as a significant reduction in WBC of male rats at 300 mg/kg. Haematological parameters of the female rats did not show any significant change with the exception of eosinophils which was significantly lowered in all treatment groups. The crude extract of Laggera aurita is relatively safe on blood parameters.
Key words: Laggera aurita; Relative safety; Food intake; Haematological, Blood glucose
Assessment of Treatment Satisfaction amongst Health Insured and Uninsured Diabetic Patients' in a Tertiary Hospital, Benin City
There is increasing prevalence of diabetes in Nigeria. Diabetes is associated with complications resulting in high morbidity and mortality as a result of which patients' usually pay regular visit throughout their life time. Patient satisfaction is the extent to which the patients feel that their needs and expectations are being met by the service provided. The study aimed to assess treatment satisfaction amongst insured and uninsured diabetes patients. The study is a cross-sectional study which was carried out in Consultant Outpatient Department (COPD), University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. Treatment satisfaction was assessed using a Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were collected and analysed using SPSS version 20. A total of 100 diabetic patients were interviewed in the study; 71.9% and 80.3% of the uninsured and insured diabetics were very satisfied with treatment. Majority (80.6%) of NHIS enrolee were willing to continue with the present medication. In a regression analysis, duration of illness and use of herbal medications were found to be significantly associated with treatment satisfaction with p-value <0.05, with odd ratio (OR) =3.866 (95% CI=1.305-11.449) and (OR) = 0.377 (95% CI= 0.138-1.029) among the uninsured diabetics, age was found to be significantly associated with treatment satisfaction with p-value <0.05, with odd ratio (OR) =23.739 (95% CI=1.102-511.526) in the NHIS enrolee. More than half of the diabetic patients were very satisfied with treatment. The duration of illness and age are associated with satisfaction of diabetes treatment.
Key word,: diabetes mellitus, prevalence, treatment satisfaction and health insurance scheme.
Assessing the Compliance of Outpatient Prescriptions to Trust Formulary and North West London Integrated Formulary: A Multisite Audit
Abstract A formulary is described as a list of medicines which functions to specify particular medications which under a policy, are approved to be prescribed. This study was carried out to assess compliance of outpatient prescriptions at a tertiary hospital with the hospital's formulary and North West London Integrated formulary. This was a prospective study design carried out across four outpatient pharmacy stores of a tertiary NHS hospital in London. Handwritten prescriptions were collected over 8 week days from 9am to 5pm and were assessed for compliance with the two formularies. High levels of compliance with the Trust formulary and North West London Integrated Formulary were obtained across specialties from the various study sites (98.4% and 98.6% compliance rates respectively). Only 14 (1.6%) drug items prescribed were not within the Trust formulary and 10 (1.4%) were not contained in the North West London Integrated Formulary. Dermatology clinic had the highest number (n= 6) of non Trust formulary items prescribed. Audit standards adopted for compliance with the Trust formulary and North West London Integrated Formulary were achieved. However, few clinics/specialties still prescribed drugs which were not contained in the Trust formulary, thus requiring interventions by the pharmacists. Similarly, some clinics prescribed drug items not contained in the North West London Integrated Formulary.
Key Words: outpatient prescription; formulary; hospital policy; compliance; handwritten prescriptions; NHS Trust formulary;